Dharug Language
By Graham Avery
Citation
Avery, G, 2025, Dharug Language, First Nations Family Genealogy Service, Sutherland NSW, Weebly website, URL: https://www.firstnationsfgs.com/dharug-language.html.
Updated on 22/3/2025
Citation
Avery, G, 2025, Dharug Language, First Nations Family Genealogy Service, Sutherland NSW, Weebly website, URL: https://www.firstnationsfgs.com/dharug-language.html.
Updated on 22/3/2025
| 2025_march_dharug_language.pdf |
Dharug is the name of the Sydney language spoken from coastal Sydney to the Blue Mountains. Its neighboring languages include Dharawal, Wiradjuri, Gundungurra, Wonnarua, and Awabakal. The Awabakal language is particularly noteworthy due to its similarities with Dharug. For instance, while the Awabakal word for "person" is "Koori," the Dharug term is "Eora."
Below is a list of Dharug words from both its inland and coastal dialects. Comparing these words with the Dharawal vocabulary highlights important linguistic differences. Interestingly, there are no Dharawal words found in the Dharug language, which reinforces the idea that Dharug is a distinct language separate from Dharawal in the south.
Mixed-language Vocabularies
There are issues with the Dharug vocabulary in the publications by William Ridley, Edward Curr and R.H. Mathews, as their Dharug wordlists contain more Dharawal or Gandungurra words compared to the 1790s publications and notebooks by William Dawes, David Collins, John Hunter, and Watkin Tench. It is particularly peculiar that R.H. Mathews and Ridley included the terms "burru," "booroo," or "buru" to describe the grey kangaroo in their journals, whereas early colonists in the 1790s documented "patagarang" or "badagarang" as the word for the same animal.
This raises an important question: why did the Dharug people seemingly abandon their traditional term in favor of "buru" or "burru" from the Dharawal and Gandangurra languages during the 19th century? One plausible explanation is the impact of British colonisation, which may have led to intermarriage or migration into Dharawal and Gandangurra communities, resulting in the adoption of their vocabulary.
A similar phenomenon occurred with the Dharawal people, who borrowed very few words from the Dharug language during the 19th century. For instance, "galgal," a Dharug word for smallpox, appears in the Woddi Woddi language.
The 1790s journals and notebooks documenting the Dharug vocabulary present a pure form of the language, unaltered by influences from Dharawal or Gandangurra. For this reason, I would exercise caution when relying on the mixed-language vocabularies compiled by R.H. Mathews, William Ridley, Edward Curr, and other journals from 1870s to modern day linguists.
Below is a list of Dharug words from both its inland and coastal dialects. Comparing these words with the Dharawal vocabulary highlights important linguistic differences. Interestingly, there are no Dharawal words found in the Dharug language, which reinforces the idea that Dharug is a distinct language separate from Dharawal in the south.
Mixed-language Vocabularies
There are issues with the Dharug vocabulary in the publications by William Ridley, Edward Curr and R.H. Mathews, as their Dharug wordlists contain more Dharawal or Gandungurra words compared to the 1790s publications and notebooks by William Dawes, David Collins, John Hunter, and Watkin Tench. It is particularly peculiar that R.H. Mathews and Ridley included the terms "burru," "booroo," or "buru" to describe the grey kangaroo in their journals, whereas early colonists in the 1790s documented "patagarang" or "badagarang" as the word for the same animal.
This raises an important question: why did the Dharug people seemingly abandon their traditional term in favor of "buru" or "burru" from the Dharawal and Gandangurra languages during the 19th century? One plausible explanation is the impact of British colonisation, which may have led to intermarriage or migration into Dharawal and Gandangurra communities, resulting in the adoption of their vocabulary.
A similar phenomenon occurred with the Dharawal people, who borrowed very few words from the Dharug language during the 19th century. For instance, "galgal," a Dharug word for smallpox, appears in the Woddi Woddi language.
The 1790s journals and notebooks documenting the Dharug vocabulary present a pure form of the language, unaltered by influences from Dharawal or Gandangurra. For this reason, I would exercise caution when relying on the mixed-language vocabularies compiled by R.H. Mathews, William Ridley, Edward Curr, and other journals from 1870s to modern day linguists.
Vocabulary
The vocabulary below is mostly from the 1790s notebooks or journals by William Dawes, David Collins, John Hunter, and Watkin Tench.
1. Body Parts and Derivatives
Arm Tarrang
Armpit, tickle Gíttee gíttee (W)
Beard Yarrin
Back Buya/Kurrabúl (J.)
Bald Gáŋat
Beard Yar-re, Yar-rin
Belly Barrong, Beráng, Barong, Barrong
Blood Búnnerung, Pannera, Pannerrong
Breast milk Mooroobin
Breast, Nipple Cadleang Nabung
Chin Wallo
Ear Goray
Elbow 0nur
Eye Mai, Mi, My
Eyebrow Yinnerry
Fat Boggay, Poggay
Fingers Berrllle
Fingernail Karúngan
Flesh or lean Padiel
Foot Manoe
Forefinger Darragallic
Forehead Gnullo
Hair Dewarra, Dtiúwara, Devarra, Dewarrā
Hair line Moor-reere, Nalgarrar
Hand Tammirra
Head Caberra
Joint Medo-gy
Kidney Bulbul (J.)
Knee Gorook
Left hand Dooroomi
Leg Darra
Lips Willing
Little finger Wellengallie
Marrow Pea-mine
Middle or ring'd Baroogallie
Mouth Karga, Kanga
Nail Carrungun
Neck Cadlear
Nose Nogro, Nogurro
Penis Ga-dia
Posterior, backside Boong, Bong, Boong-boo-ro-na-ting
Private parts of women Go-mer-ry
Reddish hair or perhaps thick matted hair Karrīn
Ribs Bibbe
Right hand Warrangi
Scar on the back Weroong
Shoulder Dtárrung
Skin Bárrangal (J.)
Snot Nágarúŋ
Teeth Dara, Da-rah, Dary-ra
Testicle Bōra
Thigh Darrah
Thumb Wyomanno
Tongue Tallang
Veins Barongle
Arm Tarrang
Armpit, tickle Gíttee gíttee (W)
Beard Yarrin
Back Buya/Kurrabúl (J.)
Bald Gáŋat
Beard Yar-re, Yar-rin
Belly Barrong, Beráng, Barong, Barrong
Blood Búnnerung, Pannera, Pannerrong
Breast milk Mooroobin
Breast, Nipple Cadleang Nabung
Chin Wallo
Ear Goray
Elbow 0nur
Eye Mai, Mi, My
Eyebrow Yinnerry
Fat Boggay, Poggay
Fingers Berrllle
Fingernail Karúngan
Flesh or lean Padiel
Foot Manoe
Forefinger Darragallic
Forehead Gnullo
Hair Dewarra, Dtiúwara, Devarra, Dewarrā
Hair line Moor-reere, Nalgarrar
Hand Tammirra
Head Caberra
Joint Medo-gy
Kidney Bulbul (J.)
Knee Gorook
Left hand Dooroomi
Leg Darra
Lips Willing
Little finger Wellengallie
Marrow Pea-mine
Middle or ring'd Baroogallie
Mouth Karga, Kanga
Nail Carrungun
Neck Cadlear
Nose Nogro, Nogurro
Penis Ga-dia
Posterior, backside Boong, Bong, Boong-boo-ro-na-ting
Private parts of women Go-mer-ry
Reddish hair or perhaps thick matted hair Karrīn
Ribs Bibbe
Right hand Warrangi
Scar on the back Weroong
Shoulder Dtárrung
Skin Bárrangal (J.)
Snot Nágarúŋ
Teeth Dara, Da-rah, Dary-ra
Testicle Bōra
Thigh Darrah
Thumb Wyomanno
Tongue Tallang
Veins Barongle
2. Universe, elements and objects
Basket Bengalle
Calm Arrunga
Canoe Nowey
Cave Canning
Cleared ground for public ceremonies Yoolong, Yoolahng
Clouds Caragoro
Cold Tagora
Coward Jeerun
Day Tarreberre
Dew Mennienolong
Dry, not wet Búrara
Earth Permul
Egg Cabahn
Fire Gweyong
Fishing line Carrahjun
General name Boodoenong
Ghost Mahn
Grave Bwomar
Heat Yoorooga
Hook Burra
Hut Gonie
Intrusmental music Yabbun
Island Booroowang
Laughter Jennibe
Lessor clouds Gnarrangalleon
Magellanic clouds Calgalleon
Milky Way Warrewull
Moon Yennadah, Jannali
Morning, sunrise Mullinowool
Name Chiara
Night Gnoowing
Place Gnorang
Pleiades Moloomolong
Rain Panna, Wallan
Rock, stone Keba
Scars on the back Wirroong
Scars on the breast Congarray
Sea Carrigerrang
Severely cold Tagora mediangha
Shadow Bowwan
Sinker for fishing Gnammul
Sky Bourra
Smoke Cadjee
Sore Mediong
Spark Gille
Star Birrong
Star falling Turup
Stranger Miyal
Sun Coing
Sun-rising Coing biboba
Sun-setting Coing burregoolah
Today Yagoona
Tomorrow Parryboogo
Torch made from reeds Boodo
Truth Ewing
Valley Ering
Water Bado
Wet Marray
Yesterday Borane
???? Carnmarroo
Basket Bengalle
Calm Arrunga
Canoe Nowey
Cave Canning
Cleared ground for public ceremonies Yoolong, Yoolahng
Clouds Caragoro
Cold Tagora
Coward Jeerun
Day Tarreberre
Dew Mennienolong
Dry, not wet Búrara
Earth Permul
Egg Cabahn
Fire Gweyong
Fishing line Carrahjun
General name Boodoenong
Ghost Mahn
Grave Bwomar
Heat Yoorooga
Hook Burra
Hut Gonie
Intrusmental music Yabbun
Island Booroowang
Laughter Jennibe
Lessor clouds Gnarrangalleon
Magellanic clouds Calgalleon
Milky Way Warrewull
Moon Yennadah, Jannali
Morning, sunrise Mullinowool
Name Chiara
Night Gnoowing
Place Gnorang
Pleiades Moloomolong
Rain Panna, Wallan
Rock, stone Keba
Scars on the back Wirroong
Scars on the breast Congarray
Sea Carrigerrang
Severely cold Tagora mediangha
Shadow Bowwan
Sinker for fishing Gnammul
Sky Bourra
Smoke Cadjee
Sore Mediong
Spark Gille
Star Birrong
Star falling Turup
Stranger Miyal
Sun Coing
Sun-rising Coing biboba
Sun-setting Coing burregoolah
Today Yagoona
Tomorrow Parryboogo
Torch made from reeds Boodo
Truth Ewing
Valley Ering
Water Bado
Wet Marray
Yesterday Borane
???? Carnmarroo
3. Adjectives
Above or upward Boorowa
Afraid Bargat
Angry Goolarra
Bad Weere
Below or under Cadi
Black Gnana
Both Gnallea
Dirty Pemulgine
Empty Parratberri
Full Bo-ruck
Good Boodjerre
Great Murray
Great many Murraytoolo
Green Boolgiga
Hungry Yuroo, Yuroogurra
Ill, sick Badiel
Lame Mootonore
Left Dooroomi
Long Coorarre
Lost Barbuggi
Nose Beall
One Wogul, Wocul
Passionate Yurora
Pregnant Binnice
Red Moojel
Right Warrangi
Rotten Gojy, Gojayby
Short Toomurro
Sick Moola
Small Gnarrang
Three Brewy
Two Yooblowre, Boola
Wet Marrey
White Taboa
Yes Moremme
Above or upward Boorowa
Afraid Bargat
Angry Goolarra
Bad Weere
Below or under Cadi
Black Gnana
Both Gnallea
Dirty Pemulgine
Empty Parratberri
Full Bo-ruck
Good Boodjerre
Great Murray
Great many Murraytoolo
Green Boolgiga
Hungry Yuroo, Yuroogurra
Ill, sick Badiel
Lame Mootonore
Left Dooroomi
Long Coorarre
Lost Barbuggi
Nose Beall
One Wogul, Wocul
Passionate Yurora
Pregnant Binnice
Red Moojel
Right Warrangi
Rotten Gojy, Gojayby
Short Toomurro
Sick Moola
Small Gnarrang
Three Brewy
Two Yooblowre, Boola
Wet Marrey
White Taboa
Yes Moremme
4. Consanguinity
A name sake, or a person with whom the name has been exchanged Da-me-la-bil-lie
And Bea
And Bean
Baby, infant Nabungay wuidalliez
Beautiful wife Gorahgallongalleong
Brother Babunna
Child Goroong
Child eight months old Boregooroo
Daughter Doroonenang
Doctor Karádigán, Car-rah-di-gan, Car-rah-dy
Father Beari, Beeánga/Beeangélly, Be-an, Beanna
Female Weren, Weerring
Female animals We ring
Female child Werowey Din
Friends, relations Gnarramatta
Friendship Gomul
Grandfather Gomang
Handsome man Gorahgallong
Male animals Cowul
Male child Wengern, Wong-er-ra
Man Mula, Múlla, Maugon-ally, Mulla-mang
Mother Wyanna, Wyang
Old man Guyanayyong
People, person Eora
Relations or friends Gou-al-gar, Babunna, Cou-el-gon
Sister Mamunna
Son Doroon
Speaking of a man and his wife he used these words Maygon-ally, Gniella, Dit-galla, Boonailley, Boo-in-yella
Taken or married, taken as wife Maangaí
Temporary wife Maugohnnally
Terms of affection used by girls Cammarrade, Ca-mong-al-lay
This they Beanna
Union between the sexes Gna-ne-ba
Wife Maugohn
Woman Din, Deeyin, Din-mang
Women Dinalleong, Ginalleong
???? Malin, Nurkine
???? Mud-gi
A name sake, or a person with whom the name has been exchanged Da-me-la-bil-lie
And Bea
And Bean
Baby, infant Nabungay wuidalliez
Beautiful wife Gorahgallongalleong
Brother Babunna
Child Goroong
Child eight months old Boregooroo
Daughter Doroonenang
Doctor Karádigán, Car-rah-di-gan, Car-rah-dy
Father Beari, Beeánga/Beeangélly, Be-an, Beanna
Female Weren, Weerring
Female animals We ring
Female child Werowey Din
Friends, relations Gnarramatta
Friendship Gomul
Grandfather Gomang
Handsome man Gorahgallong
Male animals Cowul
Male child Wengern, Wong-er-ra
Man Mula, Múlla, Maugon-ally, Mulla-mang
Mother Wyanna, Wyang
Old man Guyanayyong
People, person Eora
Relations or friends Gou-al-gar, Babunna, Cou-el-gon
Sister Mamunna
Son Doroon
Speaking of a man and his wife he used these words Maygon-ally, Gniella, Dit-galla, Boonailley, Boo-in-yella
Taken or married, taken as wife Maangaí
Temporary wife Maugohnnally
Terms of affection used by girls Cammarrade, Ca-mong-al-lay
This they Beanna
Union between the sexes Gna-ne-ba
Wife Maugohn
Woman Din, Deeyin, Din-mang
Women Dinalleong, Ginalleong
???? Malin, Nurkine
???? Mud-gi
5. Artefacts
Another mode of dancing Carribberre 'corroborree'
Back of a sword Beráng
Bark to make fish lines Dturáduralȧŋ
Block which one throws along the ground for the rest to throw at. Karagadyéra.
Boomerang Boomerrit
Cap Dámung
Cap for covering the head Damang
Ceremony or operation of removing the tooth Erabaddjang
Clay on the face Megalliruara
Clothing of a young woman Bárrin
Club Cannatalling
Club Doowinnull
Club Cannicull
Club Carruwang
Club Womurrang
Club Gnallungulla
Club Tarrilberre
Club Woodah
Compass Gnamoroo
Curse Warrahpattah deje
Dip water with a small vessel and then pour it into a bottle Kubā bādo
Edge of a sword Karabúl
Fishing line Carrejun
Fizgigs Callarr
For copulation he uses all these words Yanga, Cannadingga, Callo, Callyne
Glass/ a reading glass Gnangnanyeele
He will make a canoe Nowey, binnie ba
Holes made by a shield Noroogal Camy
Holes made in a shield by a spear No-roo-gal Ca-my
I am putting on my Barrin Barinmilyidyú
I have made a line yahmah carrigan
I kaadianed it (that is I put the shell on the womara) Kaadianmadioú
I will make a canoe Nowey, binnie bow
Jacket Car1rangel
Large house Gongyeago
Left tooth out Goorogal biel
Ligatures round the arm, and which is a line made of the furr or hair of Animals Nooroonniel
Little finger of the left hand of the woman when the two joints are cut off Mal-gun
Musquet Djerabar, Jerabber
Name of a dance Gnarramang
Net to catch fish Carrungun Maugronea
Painted white Taboa millijow
Pair of stays Wolgan
Particular club Gnallangulla Tarreeburre
Person who carried the compass Bon-yoo-el
Petticoat Mally
Prong of the callarr. Dammoone
Prong of the mooting Carrabba
Reason given for Bennelong’s wounding Yer-en-i-bey Mur-ra-mur-rong
Scold, a term of reproach with which the natives are highly offended, it is sometimes used by the women & which the men always punish them for Waumē, Wahmad’jangah
Shell with the woomera
Shield cut out from the solid wood Arragong
Shield made of bark Elecmong
Ship, Island Buruwányan
Singing dancing or beating on 2 clubs Yabbun
Snood to a hook Karál
Space occasioned by the loss of the Eye or hind both Boolbagadeimi
Spear armed with pieces of shell Wallangalleong
Spear armed with stones Cannadiul
Spear by which Yerreniby was wounded Dooul
Spear the barbs of which are cut out of the solid wood Goorang
Spear thrower Womerra
Spear with a barb fixed on with gum, or a spear they throw Ihahmy
Spear with one barb, cut from the wood Billarr
Spear with two barbs Camy
Spear without a barb Gherubbine
Spear, short Dociull
Spear, with four barbs cut in the wood Goongun
Spear, with one barb Nooro Camy
Spirit or a dead body Goomedah
Stone axe Mogo
Stone axe handle Webat
Stone sinker to a line Gnámmul (W.)
Sung on seeing a flock of pelicans Notulubrulawlaw notie, Gnooroome, tatie, natie, natie, Gnooroome, tatie, natie, natie, Tarrahwow, tarrahwow
Telescope Gnangnyelle
Throw a fish gig Yery mutin
Throwing stick without the shell Wiggoon
Two barbs Dooul
Watch Bāluí
White clay Taboa
Window glass Tallangeele
Wound from a spear Kami berang, Kamyberong
???? - Mooting
Another mode of dancing Carribberre 'corroborree'
Back of a sword Beráng
Bark to make fish lines Dturáduralȧŋ
Block which one throws along the ground for the rest to throw at. Karagadyéra.
Boomerang Boomerrit
Cap Dámung
Cap for covering the head Damang
Ceremony or operation of removing the tooth Erabaddjang
Clay on the face Megalliruara
Clothing of a young woman Bárrin
Club Cannatalling
Club Doowinnull
Club Cannicull
Club Carruwang
Club Womurrang
Club Gnallungulla
Club Tarrilberre
Club Woodah
Compass Gnamoroo
Curse Warrahpattah deje
Dip water with a small vessel and then pour it into a bottle Kubā bādo
Edge of a sword Karabúl
Fishing line Carrejun
Fizgigs Callarr
For copulation he uses all these words Yanga, Cannadingga, Callo, Callyne
Glass/ a reading glass Gnangnanyeele
He will make a canoe Nowey, binnie ba
Holes made by a shield Noroogal Camy
Holes made in a shield by a spear No-roo-gal Ca-my
I am putting on my Barrin Barinmilyidyú
I have made a line yahmah carrigan
I kaadianed it (that is I put the shell on the womara) Kaadianmadioú
I will make a canoe Nowey, binnie bow
Jacket Car1rangel
Large house Gongyeago
Left tooth out Goorogal biel
Ligatures round the arm, and which is a line made of the furr or hair of Animals Nooroonniel
Little finger of the left hand of the woman when the two joints are cut off Mal-gun
Musquet Djerabar, Jerabber
Name of a dance Gnarramang
Net to catch fish Carrungun Maugronea
Painted white Taboa millijow
Pair of stays Wolgan
Particular club Gnallangulla Tarreeburre
Person who carried the compass Bon-yoo-el
Petticoat Mally
Prong of the callarr. Dammoone
Prong of the mooting Carrabba
Reason given for Bennelong’s wounding Yer-en-i-bey Mur-ra-mur-rong
Scold, a term of reproach with which the natives are highly offended, it is sometimes used by the women & which the men always punish them for Waumē, Wahmad’jangah
Shell with the woomera
Shield cut out from the solid wood Arragong
Shield made of bark Elecmong
Ship, Island Buruwányan
Singing dancing or beating on 2 clubs Yabbun
Snood to a hook Karál
Space occasioned by the loss of the Eye or hind both Boolbagadeimi
Spear armed with pieces of shell Wallangalleong
Spear armed with stones Cannadiul
Spear by which Yerreniby was wounded Dooul
Spear the barbs of which are cut out of the solid wood Goorang
Spear thrower Womerra
Spear with a barb fixed on with gum, or a spear they throw Ihahmy
Spear with one barb, cut from the wood Billarr
Spear with two barbs Camy
Spear without a barb Gherubbine
Spear, short Dociull
Spear, with four barbs cut in the wood Goongun
Spear, with one barb Nooro Camy
Spirit or a dead body Goomedah
Stone axe Mogo
Stone axe handle Webat
Stone sinker to a line Gnámmul (W.)
Sung on seeing a flock of pelicans Notulubrulawlaw notie, Gnooroome, tatie, natie, natie, Gnooroome, tatie, natie, natie, Tarrahwow, tarrahwow
Telescope Gnangnyelle
Throw a fish gig Yery mutin
Throwing stick without the shell Wiggoon
Two barbs Dooul
Watch Bāluí
White clay Taboa
Window glass Tallangeele
Wound from a spear Kami berang, Kamyberong
???? - Mooting
6. Pronouns, Adverbs, and Mode of Address
Appertaining. Birrong
Here I am. Diam o diam o
Here. Diam
His. Darringal
I, or myself Gnia
Mine. Dannai
There. De
What is your name? Gnalm Chiara, gnahn?
Where are you? Diam o waw?
Where. Wan
Whose. Gnani
You. Gneene
Yours. Gneenede
Appertaining. Birrong
Here I am. Diam o diam o
Here. Diam
His. Darringal
I, or myself Gnia
Mine. Dannai
There. De
What is your name? Gnalm Chiara, gnahn?
Where are you? Diam o waw?
Where. Wan
Whose. Gnani
You. Gneene
Yours. Gneenede
7. Winds
East Booroowee
High wind Gw5rra
North Bowwan
North-east Gomemah
North-west Dooloogal
South Balgayallang
South-west Yarebalahng
West Bainmarray
East Booroowee
High wind Gw5rra
North Bowwan
North-east Gomemah
North-west Dooloogal
South Balgayallang
South-west Yarebalahng
West Bainmarray
8. Verbs
Belly, full Bu-rouk
Biscuit Cah-rah-ne
Biting Toll
Boil Burgía (W)
Breakfast, let us breakfast first Kaoúwarin
Breathing Bwome
Caught by the elbow by a latch or such matter Ngalamí
Come here Cowana
Coughing Carrenarrebille
Covered or dressed as a sore Bangí
Cross or ill natured, very cross Ghoólara, Ghoólara murry
Did cry. Tongabillie
Diving Bogay
Drank Vuid-demey vuidu-diou Yama-milly diou
Drank plenty Kannóyen
Eat it Pat-tar-rah
Fat Bog-gay
Fillets Nullogan, Mallat
Forced from him Eramadjowinnia
Full Kāli Kāli
Full Méetuŋ
Full stomach, I have ate or drank enough Kannó
Give me bread, I am very hungry Ngwiáŋa yurupatá bread
Give me. Nwya jeeminga
Glad, or not angry Kurigaráŋ
Go away Worooworoo
He creeps Marowe
He did beat. Pyyee
He did paddle Bangajabun
He drinks Wuida
He has drunk Wuidy
He has eaten. Patty
He is asleep. Nangerra
He is gone. Yenworro
He lies Wanyewanyi
He lives or remains Allowan
He sleeps Nangerra
He snores Goroda
He snores Gorroda lema
He was startled Mannie. Mallee
He whistles, or whistling. Worgaweena
Howling as a dog. Noyga
I am tired. Yarebadiow
I eat or have eat. Pattadiou
I have drank. Weeda djow
I have drank. Wuldadiow
I have eaten it all Parrat benni-deou
I have eaten. Pattadiow
I have emptied. Parratbennidiow
I have scolded or abused Waumediow
I have seen Gnadiemme
I have slept Nangadiow
I have taken it. Mahnmediow
I have water Illabelediow
I will eat. Pattabow
I will give you Nwyabowinnia
I will make water Illabelebow,
I will scold or abuse Waumebow
I will see. Gnabow
I will sleep Nangabow
I will strike or beat. Pyyabow
I will throw. Erabow
I will walk or go Yenmow
Is your finger better Múrrà bídyul?
It is very painful Dídyí múrri
It was cut (bruised, hurt) by an oyster (shell) in bathing Kálabidyáŋa betúŋi bogidwȧ´ra
Killed by dogs. Jungara pyyay
Killed. Pyyay
Lame or he limps Kadiába
Laughter Jennebe
Let us both walk. Yennangallea
Man Mulla, Moola
Married man Mullara
Matter in a sore Nowwa
Mosquito bite Tewra dieng
My belly aches Beraŋmoŋadyáŋa
No, I suppose worse (answer to is your finger better?) Bíal, Kȧrúŋun
Oh you hurt me Didyi didyi
Relating to walking. Yennool
Relative to dressing wounds Nowalbangí boobangí
Relative to sleep Nangoba
Scar on the back Weroong
Scolding or abusing. Waume
See Gna
Severely cold. Tayora, Medianga
Shall I, or I shall take. Mahniow
She or he breathes Gnana lema
Sighting Gniana
Snarling with anger Goolarra pyyella
Sneezing Dererignang
Something relative to thirst (I am thirsty) Dtulī
Sore Mediong
Sought for Petoe
Stay Ailocy
Stay here, or sit down Allowah
Stealing Carrahma
Sunk. Goora
Surprised Mannie mongalla
Swimming Wadbe
The effect of the hot burning sand upon the eye Murray-Cannandinga Mi
The smallpox Galgalla
The stomachache Karamánye
They eat. Pattane
They have scolded or abused Waumediangha
Throw you. Era
Throwing. Erailleiz
Tired Yareba
To be dry or want water Balee (or) Ballie
Violent laughter Palleya
Walk or go Yenn
Walking Yennora
Wart Dtánuŋ
We will walk or go Yenmania
What’s in the bottle? Miŋáni bottle
When angry Tyyamoone
Where are you going? Walloomeyenwalloo?
Where have you been? Warremewarre?
Why did you not drink? Mínyin bial widadyími?
Will you sleep? Nangabaume?
Wound from a spear Kami berang
Wound from a stick Wadde berong
You are going. Yennimme
You have drank. Wuid a dieme
You have drank. Wuldadicmi
You have eat Pattadiemy
You have eaten. Pattddiemi
You have seen Gnadiow
You have slept Nangadiemme
You have water Illabele diemi
You will eat, or will you eat? Pattdbawme
???? – Coe, Cowe Cwoi,
???? – Nanga
???? – Warrewarre
???? – Yennoong
???? – Yennoreyen
Belly, full Bu-rouk
Biscuit Cah-rah-ne
Biting Toll
Boil Burgía (W)
Breakfast, let us breakfast first Kaoúwarin
Breathing Bwome
Caught by the elbow by a latch or such matter Ngalamí
Come here Cowana
Coughing Carrenarrebille
Covered or dressed as a sore Bangí
Cross or ill natured, very cross Ghoólara, Ghoólara murry
Did cry. Tongabillie
Diving Bogay
Drank Vuid-demey vuidu-diou Yama-milly diou
Drank plenty Kannóyen
Eat it Pat-tar-rah
Fat Bog-gay
Fillets Nullogan, Mallat
Forced from him Eramadjowinnia
Full Kāli Kāli
Full Méetuŋ
Full stomach, I have ate or drank enough Kannó
Give me bread, I am very hungry Ngwiáŋa yurupatá bread
Give me. Nwya jeeminga
Glad, or not angry Kurigaráŋ
Go away Worooworoo
He creeps Marowe
He did beat. Pyyee
He did paddle Bangajabun
He drinks Wuida
He has drunk Wuidy
He has eaten. Patty
He is asleep. Nangerra
He is gone. Yenworro
He lies Wanyewanyi
He lives or remains Allowan
He sleeps Nangerra
He snores Goroda
He snores Gorroda lema
He was startled Mannie. Mallee
He whistles, or whistling. Worgaweena
Howling as a dog. Noyga
I am tired. Yarebadiow
I eat or have eat. Pattadiou
I have drank. Weeda djow
I have drank. Wuldadiow
I have eaten it all Parrat benni-deou
I have eaten. Pattadiow
I have emptied. Parratbennidiow
I have scolded or abused Waumediow
I have seen Gnadiemme
I have slept Nangadiow
I have taken it. Mahnmediow
I have water Illabelediow
I will eat. Pattabow
I will give you Nwyabowinnia
I will make water Illabelebow,
I will scold or abuse Waumebow
I will see. Gnabow
I will sleep Nangabow
I will strike or beat. Pyyabow
I will throw. Erabow
I will walk or go Yenmow
Is your finger better Múrrà bídyul?
It is very painful Dídyí múrri
It was cut (bruised, hurt) by an oyster (shell) in bathing Kálabidyáŋa betúŋi bogidwȧ´ra
Killed by dogs. Jungara pyyay
Killed. Pyyay
Lame or he limps Kadiába
Laughter Jennebe
Let us both walk. Yennangallea
Man Mulla, Moola
Married man Mullara
Matter in a sore Nowwa
Mosquito bite Tewra dieng
My belly aches Beraŋmoŋadyáŋa
No, I suppose worse (answer to is your finger better?) Bíal, Kȧrúŋun
Oh you hurt me Didyi didyi
Relating to walking. Yennool
Relative to dressing wounds Nowalbangí boobangí
Relative to sleep Nangoba
Scar on the back Weroong
Scolding or abusing. Waume
See Gna
Severely cold. Tayora, Medianga
Shall I, or I shall take. Mahniow
She or he breathes Gnana lema
Sighting Gniana
Snarling with anger Goolarra pyyella
Sneezing Dererignang
Something relative to thirst (I am thirsty) Dtulī
Sore Mediong
Sought for Petoe
Stay Ailocy
Stay here, or sit down Allowah
Stealing Carrahma
Sunk. Goora
Surprised Mannie mongalla
Swimming Wadbe
The effect of the hot burning sand upon the eye Murray-Cannandinga Mi
The smallpox Galgalla
The stomachache Karamánye
They eat. Pattane
They have scolded or abused Waumediangha
Throw you. Era
Throwing. Erailleiz
Tired Yareba
To be dry or want water Balee (or) Ballie
Violent laughter Palleya
Walk or go Yenn
Walking Yennora
Wart Dtánuŋ
We will walk or go Yenmania
What’s in the bottle? Miŋáni bottle
When angry Tyyamoone
Where are you going? Walloomeyenwalloo?
Where have you been? Warremewarre?
Why did you not drink? Mínyin bial widadyími?
Will you sleep? Nangabaume?
Wound from a spear Kami berang
Wound from a stick Wadde berong
You are going. Yennimme
You have drank. Wuid a dieme
You have drank. Wuldadicmi
You have eat Pattadiemy
You have eaten. Pattddiemi
You have seen Gnadiow
You have slept Nangadiemme
You have water Illabele diemi
You will eat, or will you eat? Pattdbawme
???? – Coe, Cowe Cwoi,
???? – Nanga
???? – Warrewarre
???? – Yennoong
???? – Yennoreyen
9. Spatial words
A great way off Ngárawun
A great way off Berewal
Above or upwards Boorawa
Below or under Cady (or) Caddy
Here (it etc.) is, here Dieé ngalla diée
Here/there diée
Long Kurāra, Coorarre, Goorārră
Near to Barúa
Short Toomerre, Toomurro
There Eeneeá
There he she or it is Dingalladee
There or that way Diée wárra
Very large Corowin Nowive
What is this? Mede or medgieme
A great way off Ngárawun
A great way off Berewal
Above or upwards Boorawa
Below or under Cady (or) Caddy
Here (it etc.) is, here Dieé ngalla diée
Here/there diée
Long Kurāra, Coorarre, Goorārră
Near to Barúa
Short Toomerre, Toomurro
There Eeneeá
There he she or it is Dingalladee
There or that way Diée wárra
Very large Corowin Nowive
What is this? Mede or medgieme
10. Temporal words
A long time back Gurugal
Last night Worre worrar
Morning, the morning or this morning (same as tomorrow morning) Mullnȧoul, Mullinaool, Mullinowool
The day Kamarú, Kamaruá
The day after tomorrow Parrebuwarrei
The present Ihebarna
The same day as Kamarabú
Today Yagunah
Tomorrow Parrebuga, Paraibugah, Parribeugo
Tomorrow morning Mullnáoul
We will return the same day Yenmánye kaouwi kamarabú
Winter Warrin
Yesterday Brānyé, Barrane, Borahne
A long time back Gurugal
Last night Worre worrar
Morning, the morning or this morning (same as tomorrow morning) Mullnȧoul, Mullinaool, Mullinowool
The day Kamarú, Kamaruá
The day after tomorrow Parrebuwarrei
The present Ihebarna
The same day as Kamarabú
Today Yagunah
Tomorrow Parrebuga, Paraibugah, Parribeugo
Tomorrow morning Mullnáoul
We will return the same day Yenmánye kaouwi kamarabú
Winter Warrin
Yesterday Brānyé, Barrane, Borahne
11. Animals
Aquatic species
Black bream Karóoma
Black fish Carooma
Bull headed shark Wallo-mill
Fish Goray Tarrawine
Flat head Murray nougul, Murray nangul
I have no rock oysters Biāl betaŋígo
Large flat head Cowerre
Name of a fish Beragallon
Name of a fish Moorawul
Name of a fruit Momurre
Shovel nosed ray without a sting Ginnare
Small flat head Mullinagul
Stingray Ullowygang
Toadfish, which they say is poisonous Cagone
Unknown Fish Boorroonaganaga
Birds
Bird Beeniáng
Bird with a shrill note Dilbung
Black cockatoo Carate
Boobook, Southern Powerful Owl Pobook, Bobook
Pelican Carranga bo murray
Crow Waugan, Wogan
Curlew Urwinnerrywing
Eastern Curlew Urwinnerriwing
Emu Maraong
Fowl Mebahkyhaira
Goadgang Pigeon, native
Goreeall Parrot
Hawk Jammul jammul
Heron or bittern Durúlia
Kookaburra Gogannegine
Marayong Emu
Mulgo Black Swan
Musquito hawk Pobuck
Name of a large bird Goniado
Red Bill Boming
White Cockatoo Gareaway, Garraway
Friarbird Wirgan
Duck YoorongI
Mammals
Bat Weereamby Weereammy
Beetle Goniagonia
Beetle found in the grass tree Carrun
Brush-tailed Possum Booroomin
Common name Jungo
Common rat Wurra
Dingo Dingo
Dog Worregal
Eastern Grey Kangaroo Patagorang, Pattegorang, Badagorang
Kangaroo Rat Ganimong
Large Fox Rat Weereeamin
Mouse or rat Bogul
Red-necked Wallaby Baggarray
Ringtail Possum or Red Quoll Goragoro
Seal Wanyeawawr, Tarwaran
Spotted Rat Mereagine
Sugar Glider Wobbin, Bonga
Swamp Wallaby Wallibah
???? - Weereeamby
Reptiles
Lizard Deragal, Bunmerre, Narrang
Snake Calm
Insect
Beetle Gomagoma
Black Ant Poboonang
Butterfly Burroodie-ra
Caterpillar Gonalong
Centipede Cannarray
Fly Mianong, Miangah
Grasshopper Gilbenong
Louse Boóroodoo
Mosquito Tewra
Scorpion Dtoóney, Dtooney
Spider Marraegong
Worm found in the grass tree Tangnoa
Aquatic species
Black bream Karóoma
Black fish Carooma
Bull headed shark Wallo-mill
Fish Goray Tarrawine
Flat head Murray nougul, Murray nangul
I have no rock oysters Biāl betaŋígo
Large flat head Cowerre
Name of a fish Beragallon
Name of a fish Moorawul
Name of a fruit Momurre
Shovel nosed ray without a sting Ginnare
Small flat head Mullinagul
Stingray Ullowygang
Toadfish, which they say is poisonous Cagone
Unknown Fish Boorroonaganaga
Birds
Bird Beeniáng
Bird with a shrill note Dilbung
Black cockatoo Carate
Boobook, Southern Powerful Owl Pobook, Bobook
Pelican Carranga bo murray
Crow Waugan, Wogan
Curlew Urwinnerrywing
Eastern Curlew Urwinnerriwing
Emu Maraong
Fowl Mebahkyhaira
Goadgang Pigeon, native
Goreeall Parrot
Hawk Jammul jammul
Heron or bittern Durúlia
Kookaburra Gogannegine
Marayong Emu
Mulgo Black Swan
Musquito hawk Pobuck
Name of a large bird Goniado
Red Bill Boming
White Cockatoo Gareaway, Garraway
Friarbird Wirgan
Duck YoorongI
Mammals
Bat Weereamby Weereammy
Beetle Goniagonia
Beetle found in the grass tree Carrun
Brush-tailed Possum Booroomin
Common name Jungo
Common rat Wurra
Dingo Dingo
Dog Worregal
Eastern Grey Kangaroo Patagorang, Pattegorang, Badagorang
Kangaroo Rat Ganimong
Large Fox Rat Weereeamin
Mouse or rat Bogul
Red-necked Wallaby Baggarray
Ringtail Possum or Red Quoll Goragoro
Seal Wanyeawawr, Tarwaran
Spotted Rat Mereagine
Sugar Glider Wobbin, Bonga
Swamp Wallaby Wallibah
???? - Weereeamby
Reptiles
Lizard Deragal, Bunmerre, Narrang
Snake Calm
Insect
Beetle Gomagoma
Black Ant Poboonang
Butterfly Burroodie-ra
Caterpillar Gonalong
Centipede Cannarray
Fly Mianong, Miangah
Grasshopper Gilbenong
Louse Boóroodoo
Mosquito Tewra
Scorpion Dtoóney, Dtooney
Spider Marraegong
Worm found in the grass tree Tangnoa
11. Plants
Trees (60m – 15m heights)
A type of tree Yarung
Apple Tree (red gum), Angophora species or Angophora hispida Bunda
Banksia flower, Banksia sp. Watanggre
Blue Gum, Eucalyptus saligna Yarrah
Broad-leaved Ironbark, Eucalyptus species or E. siderophloia Dirrabari, Terribarri
Brush Cherry, Syzygium paniculatum Daguba
Cabbage Palm, Livistona australis Daranggara, Taranggera
Corkwood, Duboisia myoporoides Gulgagaru
Fig tree, Ficus sp. Tam-mun, Goomun
Grey Gum Eucalyptus punctata Maandowie
Gum tree, Eucalyptus sp. Barroul gourrah
Gum tree, Eucalyptus sp. Dthackai courroo
Gumtree, Eucalyptus species Yarra
Narrow-leaved Ironbark, Eucalyptus crebra Mokaarago, Muggargru
Narrow-leaved Peppermint, Eucalyptus radiata Kayero
Port Jackson Fig, Ficus rubiginosa Damun (dthaaman)
Red Bloodwood, Corymbia gummifera Mannen
Spotted Gum, Corymbia maculate Booangie
Stringybark, Eucalyptus species Buran
Swamp Mahogany, Eucalyptus robusta or Eucalyptus Boo-roo-ma murray
Tea Tree (prickly), Melaleuca species Bunya
Tea Tree (soft bark), Melaleuca, Callistemon or Leptospermum species Budjor
Fig or Sheoak, Ficus sp. or Casuarina glauca Goomun
The hart cherry tree, Syzygium sp. or Acmena sp. Tagubah, Targobar
Trees Terama
Wattle, Acacia species Wattungulle
White gum tree, Eucalyptus racemosa or E. haemastoma Darane
White gum tree (scribbly gum), Eucalyptus species Caarambuy
Yellow Bloodwood, Corymbia eximia Bourrayero gourroo
Medium trees and shrubs (14m – 1m)
Banksia flower, Banksia sp. Wattanggre, Wattungguri
Boronia flower, Boronia pinnata Wareganya
Cherry tree (lillypilly or ballart), Syzygium, Acmena, Exocarpus Kwigan, Guwigan
Coast Teatree, Gaudium laevigatum Gurrigany
Coastal Rosemary, Westingia fruticosa Cameracama
Common Aotus, Aotus erioides Mororu
Corkwood Kulgargru
Geebung, Persoonia species Djibung
Geebung, Persoonia species Mambara
Handsome Flat Pea, Platylobium formosum Damon, Bruganmugul
Lilly Pilly, Acmena smithii Midjuburi
Ligneous pear, Woody Pear, Xylomelum pyriforme Merrydugare
Low tree bearing a fruit like the Watanggre, Banksia sp. Weereagan
Mountain Devil, Lambertia formosa Comerang
Narrow-leaved Geebung, Persoonia linearis Tamone dura
Sandfly bush, Zieria laevigata Watewa
Sunshine Wattle, Acacia terminalis Purbur, Maniy
Tea Tree (prickly), Melaleuca species Bunya
Tea Tree (soft bark), Melaleuca, Callistemon or Leptospermum species Budjor
Thyme Honey-myrtle or prostrate Banksia, Melaleuca thymifolia or Banksia species Wiriyagan
Waratah, Telopea speciosissima Warrettah
Wattle, Acacia species Wattungulle
Groundcover Plants
Bracken Fern, Pteridium esculentum Gurgi, gurgy
Bulrushes, Typha species Baraba
Burrawang, Macrozamia communis Buruwung (burrawang)
False Sarsaparilla, Hardenbergia violacea Waraburra
Grass, Poaceae species Baamoro
Grass, Poaceae species Durawai, Dooroy
Guinea flower, Hibbertia salicifolia Bulre pulin
Kangaroo Apple, Solanum aviculare Bumurra
Leafy Purple-flag, Patersonia glabrata Bugulbi
Mushroom Ngalangala
Rock Orchid, Dendrobium speciosum Buruwan, Wargaldarra
Yam Midin
Different parts of the plant or tree
Any dead tree Kwibul
Any hollow tree Birreko
Any leaning tree, any species or any trees that lean Bulbi
Bark shed by gum and other trees Eucalyptus species Kurrungdurrung
Berry Taman
Berry Wigay
Fruit Duruwan
Fruit Mumarri mumarra
Green Boolga
Leaves in the tree or plant Jirang
Ligneous pear or Smooth-barked Apple Angophora costata? Marridugara
Plant or bone through nose Nangoon
Potato plant or kangaroo apple, Solanum aviculare Bumurra
Scrub, Littoral Rainforest Djaramada
Shadow of the tree Bulu
Splinter Dhuraga
Top of the flower stem of Xanthorrhoea species Yegal or Gegal, Yagali
Tree hollow Kumir
Wood itself, lignum Wadi
Trees (60m – 15m heights)
A type of tree Yarung
Apple Tree (red gum), Angophora species or Angophora hispida Bunda
Banksia flower, Banksia sp. Watanggre
Blue Gum, Eucalyptus saligna Yarrah
Broad-leaved Ironbark, Eucalyptus species or E. siderophloia Dirrabari, Terribarri
Brush Cherry, Syzygium paniculatum Daguba
Cabbage Palm, Livistona australis Daranggara, Taranggera
Corkwood, Duboisia myoporoides Gulgagaru
Fig tree, Ficus sp. Tam-mun, Goomun
Grey Gum Eucalyptus punctata Maandowie
Gum tree, Eucalyptus sp. Barroul gourrah
Gum tree, Eucalyptus sp. Dthackai courroo
Gumtree, Eucalyptus species Yarra
Narrow-leaved Ironbark, Eucalyptus crebra Mokaarago, Muggargru
Narrow-leaved Peppermint, Eucalyptus radiata Kayero
Port Jackson Fig, Ficus rubiginosa Damun (dthaaman)
Red Bloodwood, Corymbia gummifera Mannen
Spotted Gum, Corymbia maculate Booangie
Stringybark, Eucalyptus species Buran
Swamp Mahogany, Eucalyptus robusta or Eucalyptus Boo-roo-ma murray
Tea Tree (prickly), Melaleuca species Bunya
Tea Tree (soft bark), Melaleuca, Callistemon or Leptospermum species Budjor
Fig or Sheoak, Ficus sp. or Casuarina glauca Goomun
The hart cherry tree, Syzygium sp. or Acmena sp. Tagubah, Targobar
Trees Terama
Wattle, Acacia species Wattungulle
White gum tree, Eucalyptus racemosa or E. haemastoma Darane
White gum tree (scribbly gum), Eucalyptus species Caarambuy
Yellow Bloodwood, Corymbia eximia Bourrayero gourroo
Medium trees and shrubs (14m – 1m)
Banksia flower, Banksia sp. Wattanggre, Wattungguri
Boronia flower, Boronia pinnata Wareganya
Cherry tree (lillypilly or ballart), Syzygium, Acmena, Exocarpus Kwigan, Guwigan
Coast Teatree, Gaudium laevigatum Gurrigany
Coastal Rosemary, Westingia fruticosa Cameracama
Common Aotus, Aotus erioides Mororu
Corkwood Kulgargru
Geebung, Persoonia species Djibung
Geebung, Persoonia species Mambara
Handsome Flat Pea, Platylobium formosum Damon, Bruganmugul
Lilly Pilly, Acmena smithii Midjuburi
Ligneous pear, Woody Pear, Xylomelum pyriforme Merrydugare
Low tree bearing a fruit like the Watanggre, Banksia sp. Weereagan
Mountain Devil, Lambertia formosa Comerang
Narrow-leaved Geebung, Persoonia linearis Tamone dura
Sandfly bush, Zieria laevigata Watewa
Sunshine Wattle, Acacia terminalis Purbur, Maniy
Tea Tree (prickly), Melaleuca species Bunya
Tea Tree (soft bark), Melaleuca, Callistemon or Leptospermum species Budjor
Thyme Honey-myrtle or prostrate Banksia, Melaleuca thymifolia or Banksia species Wiriyagan
Waratah, Telopea speciosissima Warrettah
Wattle, Acacia species Wattungulle
Groundcover Plants
Bracken Fern, Pteridium esculentum Gurgi, gurgy
Bulrushes, Typha species Baraba
Burrawang, Macrozamia communis Buruwung (burrawang)
False Sarsaparilla, Hardenbergia violacea Waraburra
Grass, Poaceae species Baamoro
Grass, Poaceae species Durawai, Dooroy
Guinea flower, Hibbertia salicifolia Bulre pulin
Kangaroo Apple, Solanum aviculare Bumurra
Leafy Purple-flag, Patersonia glabrata Bugulbi
Mushroom Ngalangala
Rock Orchid, Dendrobium speciosum Buruwan, Wargaldarra
Yam Midin
Different parts of the plant or tree
Any dead tree Kwibul
Any hollow tree Birreko
Any leaning tree, any species or any trees that lean Bulbi
Bark shed by gum and other trees Eucalyptus species Kurrungdurrung
Berry Taman
Berry Wigay
Fruit Duruwan
Fruit Mumarri mumarra
Green Boolga
Leaves in the tree or plant Jirang
Ligneous pear or Smooth-barked Apple Angophora costata? Marridugara
Plant or bone through nose Nangoon
Potato plant or kangaroo apple, Solanum aviculare Bumurra
Scrub, Littoral Rainforest Djaramada
Shadow of the tree Bulu
Splinter Dhuraga
Top of the flower stem of Xanthorrhoea species Yegal or Gegal, Yagali
Tree hollow Kumir
Wood itself, lignum Wadi
References
Collins, D., 1798, An Account of the English Colony of NSW Vol 1, printed by T. Cadell and W. Davies in 1798, London, edited by Project Gutenberg Australia on website, URL: https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks/e00010.html.
David, N., S. Rayner, Brown, S., 2009, The Notebooks of William Dawes on the Aboriginal Language of Sydney, Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Project, SOAS, URL: https://www.williamdawes.org/.
Hunter, J., 1792, An Historical Journal of the Transactions at Port Jackson and Norfolk Island, printed by J. Stockdale Piccadilly in 1792, edited by Project Gutenberg Australia, URL: https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks/e00063.html.
Macarthur, W., 1854, Catalogue of specimens of woods collected for transmission to the Paris Exhibition, handwritten notes, scanned by the FromThePage:
URLs
Begin page > https://fromthepage.com/statelibrarynsw/macarthur-papers-1789-1936/volume-56-item-02-sir-william-macarthur-catalogue-of-specimens-of-woods-collected-for-transmission-to-the-paris-exhibition-1854-55-articles-purchased-for-new-south-wales-1857-and-contents-of-travelling-cases-1857-1862/guest/32858070.
Last page > https://fromthepage.com/statelibrarynsw/macarthur-papers-1789-1936/volume-56-item-02-sir-william-macarthur-catalogue-of-specimens-of-woods-collected-for-transmission-to-the-paris-exhibition-1854-55-articles-purchased-for-new-south-wales-1857-and-contents-of-travelling-cases-1857-1862/guest/32858147.
Mathews, R.H., 1901, page 157-160, Vocabulary of Dharruk Words - The Thurrawal Language, Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, Vol. xxxv., scanned by the National Library of Australia in TROVE, URL: https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-311008435/view?partId=nla.obj-761999031#page/n0/mode/1up.
Ridley, W., 1875, page 108, Georges River Language, scanned by AIATSIS, Canberra ACT, URL: https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/catalogue_resources/m0015990.pdf.
Tench, W., 1790, A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson, Tench’s notes released by Project Gutenberg in 2006, URL: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3534/3534-h/3534-h.htm.
Collins, D., 1798, An Account of the English Colony of NSW Vol 1, printed by T. Cadell and W. Davies in 1798, London, edited by Project Gutenberg Australia on website, URL: https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks/e00010.html.
David, N., S. Rayner, Brown, S., 2009, The Notebooks of William Dawes on the Aboriginal Language of Sydney, Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Project, SOAS, URL: https://www.williamdawes.org/.
Hunter, J., 1792, An Historical Journal of the Transactions at Port Jackson and Norfolk Island, printed by J. Stockdale Piccadilly in 1792, edited by Project Gutenberg Australia, URL: https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks/e00063.html.
Macarthur, W., 1854, Catalogue of specimens of woods collected for transmission to the Paris Exhibition, handwritten notes, scanned by the FromThePage:
URLs
Begin page > https://fromthepage.com/statelibrarynsw/macarthur-papers-1789-1936/volume-56-item-02-sir-william-macarthur-catalogue-of-specimens-of-woods-collected-for-transmission-to-the-paris-exhibition-1854-55-articles-purchased-for-new-south-wales-1857-and-contents-of-travelling-cases-1857-1862/guest/32858070.
Last page > https://fromthepage.com/statelibrarynsw/macarthur-papers-1789-1936/volume-56-item-02-sir-william-macarthur-catalogue-of-specimens-of-woods-collected-for-transmission-to-the-paris-exhibition-1854-55-articles-purchased-for-new-south-wales-1857-and-contents-of-travelling-cases-1857-1862/guest/32858147.
Mathews, R.H., 1901, page 157-160, Vocabulary of Dharruk Words - The Thurrawal Language, Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, Vol. xxxv., scanned by the National Library of Australia in TROVE, URL: https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-311008435/view?partId=nla.obj-761999031#page/n0/mode/1up.
Ridley, W., 1875, page 108, Georges River Language, scanned by AIATSIS, Canberra ACT, URL: https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/catalogue_resources/m0015990.pdf.
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